Analysis of Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen Essay example

Analysis of Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen It centers on the elder sisters of the Bennet family, Jane and Elizabeth. Their personalities, misunderstandings and the roles of pride and prejudice play a large part in the development of their individual relationships. The spirited Elizabeth and softhearted Jane have to deal with not only their own feelings but also the status of their family, both of which affect the outcomes of their marriages. The struggle is very believable and realistic because the story takes place a long time ago. The way people interact with each other today is quite different than how they would interact with each other back then. Pride and Prejudice is an appropriate name for the book. These notions†¦show more content†¦The roles of pride and prejudice can be summed up in the exchange between Darcy and Elizabeth, after he proposed. Darcy clearly defines the reasons for his prejudice: Could you expect me to rejoice in the inferiority of your connections? To congratulate myself on the hope of relations whose condition in life is so decidedly beneath my own? Elizabeths prejudice against him withstood even as her pride did not, under his assault on her family. Her opinion of him from the very beginning impressed her with the fullest belief of (his) arrogance, (his) conceit, and (his) selfish disdain of the feelings of others. Elizabeth Bennet is a spirited character. She has a playful and light-hearted disposition. She is confident, loyal, clever and funny. She found delight in anything ridiculous, which included an insult to her beauty. Her loyalty and devotion to her sister was shown in her three-mile trek to Bingleys house so early in the day and in such dirty weather, to visit her while she was ill. Elizabeth is also more a septic. This particular quality in evident in the surprise she expresses in her sisters tendency to look at people through rose coloured glasses. She is quite frank and very honest even though she occasionally professed opinions which in fact are not (her) own. She expresses her feeling regardless of the commotion that it may cause and more often than not, forShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Pride And Prejudice By Jane Austen862 Words   |  4 PagesPride and Prejudice: Analysis Jane Austen’s â€Å"Pride and Prejudice† novel is a humorous portrayal of the social atmosphere and it’s principally concerned with courtship rituals of the English culture of the early 19th century. The beloved love stories between Elizabeth Bennet and Mr. Darcy brings awareness to the obstacles that they must overcome of the social hierarchy within themselves as well as the outside world. The initial meeting of Mr. Darcy and Elizabeth Bennet is set in a public ball. TheRead MoreAnalysis Of Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice 2405 Words   |  10 PagesChapter 2 Elizabeth Bennet - Analysis â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledged, that a single man in possession of a good fortune must be in want of a wife.† This opening sentence from Pride and Prejudice reflects the ideals of the age when it was written. Jane Austen wrote about the societal norms and the mindset of the general public through the medium of a family with five daughters, the Bennets. Elizabeth Bennet, the second of the daughters is the one who is different, and the protagonist ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice1313 Words   |  6 Pagesdaughters as quickly as possible and to the wealthiest man who proposed. Women followed the societal norms and did not marry for love, but instead married young and hopefully to an affluent man to avoid any judgement from society. In Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice, Austen illustrates her disapproval of women who conform to the societal norms for marriage by demonstrating how their marriages are eventually unhappy. The feminist theory examines the imbalance between genders within personal relationshipsRead MoreAnalysis of Jane Austen ´s Pride and Prejudice607 Words   |  2 Pages Pride and Prejudice was written by Jane Austen, she was born in 1775 and died in 1817. Austen published: Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, and Emma in her life time and Northanger Abbey and Persuasion were published within a year of her death. Pride and Prejudice is a book about four marriages. Along with the four marriages, by the end of the book the readers see how the characters develop. Mr. Bennet and Mrs. Bennet are married and have five daughters: Jane, ElizabethRead MoreAnalysis Of Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice 1062 Words   |  5 Pagesthis character is capable of making the others smile and laugh. In Pride and Prejudice, Jane Bennet acts as this type of light source. She stays positive in almost every situation. She looks for the best in every individual and is rarely negative, even when those around her are. Throughout the novel, Jane Austen exposes the reader to Jane’s bubbly and positive personality and allows the reader to form an accurate opinion on Jane. Austen creates Jane’s optimistic, trusting and generous personality throughRead MoreAnalysis Of Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice 1089 Words   |  5 Pages Jane Austen was a brilliant author from the Victorian period. The comedic satire books he wrote were nothing less than genius. Her perception of human character is outstanding and it is very prevalent in his material. Specifically speaking, the characters in his piece, â€Å"Pride and Prejudice†, were extremely complex in both action and thought. Whether she purposely developed the characters that way or unconsciously wrote about them using her own understanding of human character, the characters areRead MoreAnalysis Of Jane Austen s Pride And Prejudice Essay1434 Words   |  6 Pagesamong many, literature became one of the most important arts in the world and a well-read person was recognized as educated and intelligent. When one acknowledges this fact, it is necessary to question why the introductory sentence in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice is one of the most recognized sentences in literature today. Oftentimes, one need only to start the sentence, â€Å"It is a truth universally acknowledged,† before someone else will finish it and a discussion of Austen’s brilliant tale willRead MoreEssay on Jane Austen Novels: Success After Death1679 Words   |  7 PagesJane Austen Novels: Success after Death Chuck Leddy, a notable critic, stated Upon her death in 1817, English novelist Jane Austen was completely unknown in the literary world. Why would someone as brilliant as Jane Austen not be world known? By 1817, Austen had already published one of her masterpieces Sense and Sensibility, and it seemed to not bring in as much success as it would later on in life. But the dry spell would eventually end. Two hundred years after Jane Austens death, her booksRead MorePride Prejudice Literature Analysis1311 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature Analysis 2 The most difficult part of creating a masterpiece is the actual process of writing or composing it, one highly overlooked difficulty of the job of the creator is the development of a suitable title. In just a few words, an effective title gives the audience a basic idea of what they are about to spend their time reading about. Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice is an example of a novel with such a title that is very significant in the development of the story. As the readerRead More An Analysis of Characters in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice1662 Words   |  7 PagesAn Analysis of Characters in Jane Austens Pride and Prejudice An author will often give his or her work a title that reflects the overall theme or meaning of the piece-this is certainly the case in Jane Austens novel Pride and Prejudice. A title may set the mood or describe a situation which otherwise might require several paragraphs to develop. Pride and Prejudice is a combination of humor, irony, and twists of events. Austen entitles her work Pride and Prejudice to emphasize subtly the

The Shock Value Of Jackson - 974 Words

The shock value of Jackson in The Lottery is not only widely known, but it is widely felt. Her writing style effectively allows the reader to pass a judgment on themselves and the society in which they live. Also In The Lottery Jackson is making a comparison to human nature. It is prominent in all human civilizations to take a chance as a source of entertainment and in this chance taken in the lottery, something is both won and lost. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson, is a short story about an annual lottery draw in a small town. The story sets place in a small town in New England. Every year a lottery is held, in which one person is to be randomly chosen to be stoned to death by the people in the village. The lottery has been practiced for over seventy years by the townspeople. Which made the lottery a tradition in the town that people did for many years with a sad effect. Next as long as human civilization has existed, so has the idea of death or suffering, or taking a chance of death or suffering, as a form of entertainment. Also public executions provide entertainment as they cause an inevitable excitement as an escape from the normal routine of daily life. This form of entertainment is displayed in The Lottery as the character Tessie Hutchinson is stoned in public because she won the town s annual lottery and as the character Old Man Warner claims in the â€Å"The Lottery† that There s always been a lottery (141). The townspeople harm themselves in The Lottery byShow MoreRelated Power of Irony in Literature Essay1243 Words   |  5 Pagesirony, the most appropriate example to attest to what irony can do to a literary work if used effectively, is Sophocles’ Oedipus Rex. We can actually say that irony is used by several authors to challenge the supposed norms of literature. It adds shock value and makes sure that through each literary work made, the evolution of literature does not cease. Shirley Jackson’s The Lottery has been criticized by many a critic for its fumbles in the use of the elements of fiction. Many critics have scrutinizedRead MoreSymbolism in The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson Essay748 Words   |  3 PagesShirley Jackson manages to catch the readers’ attention and ultimately shock them with an unexpected ending; all of which help her emphasize her critique toward the dark side of human nature and the evil that resides, sometimes, in those who we less expect it from. Jackson uses symbolism throughout the story that helps her set the mood and also makes the readers wonder and analyze the senseless violence and cruelty in their own lives. It all starts with the setting of the story. As Jackson describesRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson Literary Analysis1042 Words   |  5 Pages Shirley Jackson s ‘The Lottery’ is a classic American short story known for its shocking twist ending and its insightful commentary on cultural traditions. It was originally printed in The New Yorker magazine in 1948.The tale begins with all the villagers gathering in the town square for the annual lottery as if it were just another day. Children are playing with stones while the adults swap stories of farming and gossip. It s not until the lottery begins, over halfway through the storyRead More The Rocking Horse Winner and The Lottery Essay838 Words   |  4 PagesIn both â€Å"The Rocking Horse Winner† by D.H. Lawrence and â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson, the authors take critical aim at two staples of mainstream values, materialism and tradition respectively. Both authors approach these themes through several different literary devices such as personification and symbolism; however, it is the authors use of characterization that most develop their themes. Well be taking a look at the parallel passages in the stories that advance their themes particularly whenRead More The Lottery Essay946 Words   |  4 Pages The Message Sent in â€Å"The Lottery† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The shock value of Shirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† is not only widely known, but also widely felt. Her writing style effectively allows the reader to pass a judgment on themselves and the society in which they live. In â€Å"The Lottery† Jackson is making a comparison to human nature. It is prominent in all human civilizations to take a chance as a source of entertainment and as this chance is taken, something is both won and lost. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;AsRead MoreMy Family As A Multi Cultural Community1290 Words   |  6 Pagestransformed tremendously. My siblings and I went from living in a low-class poor neighborhood raised by a single Mother, to living in a two parent household in a diverse middle-class community. Adapting to a multi-cultural community sent us into a culture shock and was quite challenging. Our family was not accustomed to residing in an area where ethnic minorities was the lowest percentage of the population. My siblings and I had been exposed to diverse individuals when we were out in public with our parentsRead MoreExpatriate Failures1320 Words   |  6 PagesEXPATRIATE FAILURES The internationalization of business has proceeded at a rapid pace as the world has become a global economy.(Mathis, Jackson 2000) This is the very reason why companies now have the need for international executives. As all aspects of a business spread worldwide, so must the employees. An expatriate by definition is a home-county national, usually an employee of the firm, who is sent abroad to manage a foreign subsidiary. (Rodrigues, 2001) A successful expatriate generallyRead MoreArgument Essay on the Lottery by Shirley Jackson with Works Cited Page1615 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson is about Symbolism The Lottery, a short story written by Shirley Jackson, is a tale about an inhumane and horrific tradition that a community celebrates every year between 10 a.m. and noon on June 27, a sunny day, in a New England village (â€Å"Cummings Study Guide†). Not only is this story about tradition but it also hides the meaning of symbolism as well. The setting takes place in a small village consisting of about three hundred people. OnRead MoreCritical Criticism Of The Lottery1448 Words   |  6 PagesSherley’s Jackson short story, â€Å"The Lottery† tells the story of villagers that hold a terrible lottery tradition every year. Even though the story begins with the audiences with a bad close to the community by competing in a crisis tradition on a very important day, and at the end with a death of the â€Å"winner† by stoning the person that leads to s discussions between the people, and continued to be revise in modern days (Jackson). The â€Å"theory that based on the critical perspective of the story onRead MoreEssay on The Lottery by Shirley Jackson: an Analysis1522 Words   |  7 PagesIngrid Kouyialis EN102: Composition II Professor Eklund The Lottery by Shirley Jackson: An Analysis The short story â€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson was written in 1948 and takes place in a small town, on the 27th of June. In this story, the lottery occurs every year, around the summer solstice. All families gather together to draw slips of paper from a black box. When reading this story, it is unclear the full premise of the lottery until near the end. The heads of households are

Major Problems Faced by Indian Agriculture Free Essays

Major Problems Faced by Indian Agriculture The major problems confronting Indian agriculture are those of population pressure, small holdings, depleted soils, lack of modern technology and poor facilities for storage. (a) Population Pressure: India has a huge population of over one billion and it is increasing at a very fast rate. According to 2001 census figures the over all density of population is 324 persons per sq. We will write a custom essay sample on Major Problems Faced by Indian Agriculture or any similar topic only for you Order Now km. This is likely to increase further in future. This has created great demand for land. Every bit of land has been brought under the plough. Even the hill slopes have been cut into terraces for cultivation. (b) Small and Fragmented Land Holdings: The pressure of increasing population and the practice of dividing land equally among the heirs has caused excessive sub divisions of farm holdings. Consequently, the holdings are small and fragmented. The small size of holdings makes farming activity uneconomical and leads to social tension, violence and discontentment. (c) Inadequate Irrigation Facilities: By and large the irrigation facilities available in India are far from adequate. So for half of the total area under food crops has been brought under irrigation and the remaining half is left to the mercy of monsoon rains which are erratic in time and space. (d) Depleted Soils: Indian soils have been used for growing crops for thousands of years which have resulted in the depletion of soil fertility. With deforestation the sources of maintaining natural fertility of soil has been drying out. Lack of material resources and ignorance of scientific knowledge have further depleted the soils of the natural fertility. Earlier only animal waste was enough to maintain soil fertility. e) Storage of food grains: Storage of food grains is a big problem. Nearly 10 per cent of our harvest goes waste every year in the absence of proper storage facilities. This colossal wastage can be avoided by developing scientific ware-housing facilities. The government has taken several steps to provide storage facilities. (f) Farm Implements: Although some mechanisation of farming has tak en place in some parts of the country, most of the farmers are poor and do not have enough resources to purchase modern farm implements and tools. This hampers the development of agriculture. Challenges agriculture sector challenges will be important to India’s overall development and the improved welfare of its rural poor: 1. Raising agricultural productivity per unit of land: Raising productivity per unit of land will need to be the main engine of agricultural growth as virtually all cultivable land is farmed. Water resources are also limited and water for irrigation must contend with increasing industrial and urban needs. All measures to increase productivity will need exploiting, amongst them: increasing yields, diversification to higher value crops, and developing value chains to reduce marketing costs. 2. Reducing rural poverty through a socially inclusive strategy that comprises both agriculture as well as non-farm employment: Rural development must also benefit the poor, landless, women, scheduled castes and tribes. Moreover, there are strong regional disparities: the majority of India’s poor are in rain-fed areas or in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic plains. Reaching such groups has not been easy. While progress has been made – the rural population classified as poor fell from nearly 40% in the early 1990s to below 30% by the mid-2000s (about a 1% fall per year) – there is a clear need for a faster reduction. Hence, poverty alleviation is a central pillar of the rural development efforts of the Government and the World Bank. 3. Ensuring that agricultural growth responds to food security needs: The sharp rise in food-grain production during India’s Green Revolution of the 1970s enabled the country to achieve self-sufficiency in food-grains and stave off the threat of famine. Agricultural intensification in the 1970s to 1980s saw an increased demand for rural labor that raised rural wages and, together with declining food prices, reduced rural poverty. However agricultural growth in the 1990s and 2000s slowed down, averaging about 3. 5% per annum, and cereal yields have increased by only 1. 4% per annum in the 2000s. The slow-down in agricultural growth has become a major cause for concern. India’s rice yields are one-third of China’s and about half of those in Vietnam and Indonesia. The same is true for most other agricultural commodities. Policy makers will thus need to initiate and/or conclude policy actions and public programs to shift the sector away from the existing policy and institutional regime that appears to be no longer viable and build a solid foundation for a much more productive, internationally competitive, and diversified agricultural sector. Priority Areas for Support 1. Enhancing agricultural productivity, competitiveness, and rural growth Promoting new technologies and reforming agricultural research and extension: Major reform and strengthening of India’s agricultural research and extension systems is one of the most important needs for agricultural growth. These services have declined over time due to chronic underfunding of infrastructure and operations, no replacement of aging researchers or broad access to state-of-the-art technologies. Research now has little to provide beyond the time-worn packages of the past. Public extension services are struggling and offer little new knowledge to farmers. There is too little connection between research and extension, or between these services and the private sector. Improving Water Resources and Irrigation/Drainage Management: Agriculture is India’s largest user of water. However, increasing competition for water between industry, domestic use and agriculture has highlighted the need to plan and manage water on a river basin and multi-sectoral basis. As urban and other demands multiply, less water is likely to be available for irrigation. Ways to radically enhance the productivity of irrigation (â€Å"more crop per drop†) need to be found. Piped conveyance, better on-farm management of water, and use of more efficient delivery mechanisms such as drip irrigation are among the actions that could be taken. There is also a need to manage as opposed to exploit the use of groundwater. Incentives to pump less water such as levying electricity charges or community monitoring of use have not yet succeeded beyond sporadic initiatives. Other key priorities include: (i) modernizing Irrigation and Drainage Departments to integrate the participation of farmers and other agencies in managing irrigation water; (ii) improving cost recovery; (iii) rationalizing public expenditures, with priority to completing schemes with the highest returns; and (iv) allocating sufficient resources for operations and maintenance for the sustainability of investments. Facilitating agricultural diversification to higher-value commodities: Encouraging farmers todiversify to higher value commodities will be a significant factor for higher agricultural growth, particularly in rain-fed areas where poverty is high. Moreover, considerable potential exists for expanding agro-processing and building competitive value chains from producers to urban centers and export markets. While diversification initiatives should be left to farmers and entrepreneurs, the Government can, first and foremost, liberalize constraints to marketing, transport, export and processing. It can also play a small regulatory role, taking due care that this does not become an impediment. Promoting high growth commodities: Some agricultural sub-sectors have particularly high potential for expansion, notably dairy. The livestock sector, primarily due to dairy, contributes over a quarter of agricultural GDP and is a source of income for 70% of India’s rural families, mostly those who are poor and headed by women. Growth in milk production, at about 4% per annum, has been brisk, but future domestic demand is expected to grow by at least 5% per annum. Milk production is constrained, however, by the poor genetic quality of cows, inadequate nutrients, inaccessible veterinary care, and other factors. A targeted program to tackle these constraints could boost production and have good impact on poverty. Developing markets, agricultural credit and public expenditures: India’s legacy of extensive government involvement in agricultural marketing has created restrictions in internal and external trade, resulting in cumbersome and high-cost marketing and transport options for agricultural commodities. Even so, private sector investment in marketing, value chains and agro-processing is growing, but much slower than potential. While some restrictions are being lifted, considerably more needs to be done to enable diversification and minimize consumer prices. Improving access to rural finance for farmers is another need as it remains difficult for farmers to get credit. Moreover, subsidies on power, fertilizers and irrigation have progressively come to dominate Government expenditures on the sector, and are now four times larger than investment expenditures, crowding out top priorities such as agricultural research and extension. How to cite Major Problems Faced by Indian Agriculture, Papers

Dissertation free essay sample

Thesis submitted in fulfillment of the Degree Master of Science in International Tourism Management Submitted to Dr. Ursula Christine Loisch Antonia Ria Markoulakis 1013003 Vienna, 8th June 2012 AFFIDAVIT I hereby affirm that this Master? s Thesis represents my own written work and that I have used no sources and aids other than those indicated. All passages quoted from publications or paraphrased from these sources are properly cited and attributed. The thesis was not submitted in the same or in a substantially similar version, not even partially, to another examination board and was not published elsewhere. Date Signature I II ABSTRACT Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a prevalent topic today whether it is in business or in academia. The last 40 years have seen a constant evolution of the concept of CSR and many things have been written about it. Today CSR practices do not constitute a matter of whether to implement it or not, but how to implemented it. We will write a custom essay sample on Dissertation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The dialogue around CSR has seen a shift from philanthropic practices that aim to improve a companys corporate image to strategic CSR, which is aligned with a companys core strategy According to Porter? s (2006) theory, strategic CSR can lead to an added competitive advantage. When a social dimension is added to the value proposition of a company, making it an inseparable part of the companys core strategy then the most strategic CSR can occur. The purpose of this thesis is to investigate whether CSR strategies can improve the market performance of a company. The coffee sector was chosen as the field for analysis, as it is known for its numerous ethical issues and direct impact to so many lives. Six well known coffee companies with a combined revenue totaling almost 18 billion â‚ ¬ were selected and analyzed. The study was based on a content analysis method, which tried to analyze and identify the CSR activities from all the data available from the companies websites. The findings reveal that companies that are turning over significantly more revenue than others, have the resources to act and showcase much more relating to their CSR activities and actions. Almost all the coffee companies analyzed place strategic CSR at the core of their strategy with Starbucks and Nespresso leading the way. Overall it was found that market performance is significantly improved by adopting CSR relating strategies. Further transparency is required to be able to measure and evaluate the CSR initiatives regarding their overall sustainability efforts, but as a whole the industry is by far in a much better position compared to other industries. There is a long way to go before an absolute social dimension can be created by all companies analyzed. Further research in the field is required to enable business and academics to create better evaluation and measurable methods concerning their CRS activities, possibly considering community and employee relations in a similar but larger study. Government should also get involved to introduce minimum sustainable standards and other industries should also get involved to exchange expertise in the field and take strategic CSR to worldwide acceptance. III IV ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The author wishes to thank Ursula Loisch for assisting and guiding her in her educational path.

My Hobby attractions and drawbacks free essay sample

Every person on this planet likes to do something other than work or study all the time. And that is why everybody has his or her own hobby. I never thought I ever had a hobby. As a matter of fact I wasnt even sure what a hobby actually is. Then I got to thinking and I finally realized that my hobby is gaming. Yes, I know that to some people gaming is not considered a true hobby and they think that it is a â€Å"useless† hobby; but the way I see it, if I enjoy gaming and spend my precious time doing it, then I have every right to consider it as my special hobby. Of course, as each hobby does gaming has its pluses and minuses. Firstly, many games are very sociable, either playing against your mates on the sofa or online with other people. Games are aimed at making people to cooperate and chat with each other. We will write a custom essay sample on My Hobby: attractions and drawbacks or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page So, gaming simply socializes you, as you learn how to communicate with people who have different characters, view points, etc. Also it improves your command of language, as many games have a multinational audience and there is a great opportunity for a person to talk to an Englishman, American, Chinese, German, etc. As for me I just turn on English language in the setting of a game and expand my vocabulary playing it. Secondly, games are intellectual and educational, not all of course, but there are plenty of examples. And, actually, I have a good one from my own experience. This is about, how one particular game changed my life. Generally, my attitude to car driving and cars was quite neutral. It did not bother me and I was not interested in it. But since I have played â€Å"Grand Turismo 5† I changed my attitude, opinion, and point of view completely. Creator’s passion that shines through every aspect of the game, incredibly detailed cars, slick presentation and spot-on physics, all these things, made me fall in love with cars and everything related to it. And now I am going to get a driver’s license. Pretty nice change in life caused by the game, isn’t it? Thirdly, playing challenging games develops not only one’s mental skills and abilities but also physical as it improves eye hand coordination and reaction for playing those fast action games, where you need to make decisions and assess the situation very quickly. Also gaming is plain fun. We all know that games were created to entertain people. It is a well-known fact that fun prolongs our life, so play games live more. Simple truth. But of course not everything is so bright, because every coin has the other side. This other side includes such things as live in the virtual reality, physical problems (blurred vision, even obesity), big expenditures (gaming is not a costless hobby as if you want to enjoy games you should have top hardware which is not cheap) and addiction (you know once you have played computer game it will be difficult to stop. But for me listed above disadvantages are smoothed out by a big number of advantages. To sum up I would like to say that gaming is not a â€Å"useless† hobby. For me this hobby is not only a way to relax, to get rid of negative emotions, but also it is a strong tool that allows me to improve my command of language, communicate with people of different nationality and just have a fun.

Controlled comparison Essays

Controlled comparison Essays Controlled comparison Essay Controlled comparison Essay Controlled comparison is applied to comparative studies of small size. One of the scientists, who worked out this approach, Eggan, assumed that â€Å"the combination of the anthropological concepts of ethnology with structure and function, allowing the researcher to pose more specific questions on a broader range of subjects† (qtd in Hoerder, p. 36). Coding approach includes collecting information from two various sources – ethnographic sources and reports of HRAF files, or taking for consideration coded information from ethnographic sources, previously coded, or from other studies. (Hoerder) To make detailed picture of the observed phenomenon it’s necessary to give some details related to basic notions, related to the conception of cross cultural contact. The first of them is â€Å"within-society contact†. This term is used to describe relations that exist between ethnic groups in the society of multiple cultures. Prosperous and developed countries with multiple cultures represented may include various ethnic groups that are integrated into social pattern with the help of special institutions and arrangements that promote shared viewpoints and shape common feeling of being a united nation. USA is the example of such country. Since the early times of its history, a diversity of nations and cultures were introduced to the society. Under such social conditions people face with others, who may have quite different color skin, traditions, viewpoints and religion. In modern advanced societies with developed methods of providing successful inter-cultural contact, this process makes the lives of native population richer. (Furnham, 1986) The other term demanding detailed observation is â€Å"cultural shock†. Within the last 50 years, the number of travels abroad significantly increased. There are multiple reasons for it, including development of fast means of transport, like jumbo jet. In addition to speed, these new means of traveling made traveling abroad cheaper, easier, and, in turn, more available for many people. Global changes in economy also made this process faster. The process of globalization is much spoken about today, and this process refers to entertainment and education equally as to commerce and industry. According to the statistics, â€Å"in 1999 overseas assignments by United States companies exceeded 350,000 business persons, a figure that does not take into account all the other nations sending their executives abroad. It has been estimated that at any given time there are about a million and a half students and scholars attending educational institutions abroad. The figures for tourists are even greater: The World Tourism Organisation has projected that by the year 2010 the number of international tourist-related journeys will rise to a total of 940 million trips per year. † (Hoerder, p. 98) The notion of cultural shock was first used by Kalervo Oberg, anthropologist, who applied it to describe people’s reaction to strange surroundings. The other scientists, that continued to study this condition, offer not to understand it literally: â€Å"that it reflects some of the feelings and experiences of travelers who suddenly find themselves in new, strange, or unfamiliar places. The unknown can be an uncomfortable and at times terrifying experience. However, the use of the word shock places too much emphasis on the threatening circumstances of contact with novel situations, without acknowledging that such experiences may also have beneficial consequences for the participants. † (Hoerder, p. 88) In the cultural dimension several theories have been created to explain the differences between the personalities in the cross cultural aspect. Considering these theories critically, it should be assumed that they have not been created without any reason, and there have existed solid grounds to assume that depending on what culture of origin is the source of social patterns for the personality, it is possible to define the basic criteria of personality characteristics. For example, the theory created by Hoerder states that the cultures endow individuals with different principles that influence behavior. The author of this theory argued that one of the cultural dimensions is always measured through the line of individualism versus collectivism, and these traits should be included into the set of basic characteristics peculiar of the personality in the cross cultural perspective.

Emotional intelligence (EI) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Emotional intelligence (EI) - Essay Example Comprehending the differences between the two types of leaders is important for all the candidates of leadership and managerial positions. This paper will compare and contrast the transformational and the transactional leader, and explore the leader who connects with his followers more effectively. Discussion Contrast between transactional and transformation leaders The transactional leader is more concerned about maintaining the normal flow of work operations at the work place. On the other hand, the transformational leader extends his roles beyond those of managing the daily operations of the organization, to the levels of crafting the strategies of taking his team, department or company to the next level of success and performance (Hargis, Wyatt & Piotrowski, 2011). This difference is evident from the managerial outlook of the two leaders, because the transactional leader is often emphasizing the disciplinary structure determined by power to push for the completion of the tasks or the job roles available at the organization. The transformational leader is different from the transactional leader, through their managerial outlook, because they offer attention to the grouping of different employees, appealing to the personal zeal to perform and attending to the individual issues that can increase or affect performance (Kotlyar & Karakowsky, 2007). The second difference between the transactional and the transformational leader is that the transactional leader will often use a range of incentives to motivate the improvement of performance from his employees, but will often not pay attention to personal differences or preferences. On the other hand, the transformational leader will boost the performance of his employees through collaborating with employees, building strategic teams, motivating the workers and through appealing to the differences of different workers. Thirdly, the transactional leader equates giving more rewards to the increment of performance. In the case of the transformational leader, performance is boosted through the combination of incentives and setting higher goals for their subordinates, which pushes them to better performance (Hackman & Johnson, 2009). Fourthly, the transformational leader does not envision making his organization a market leader, but a transformational leader will offer his employees opportunities for professional and personal development so that they can push the organization to the level of a market leader. The similarities between transactional and transformational leaders The similarities between the transactional and the transformational leader are that both types of leaders manage to maintain the flow of operations and the completion of job tasks at their organizations. Through ensuring that the daily operations of an organization are met, the transactional leader keeps the organization afloat, while the transformational leader explores newer ways of improving performance. The second similarit y between transactional and transformational leaders is that they use incentives to motivate their employees so that they can perform better. Through the motivation of the subordinates, these two types of leaders are able to cultivate higher performance and to push the organization to higher levels of success, irrespective of the fact that their vision about the future of the organization is not